AWARENESS ON THE POLICIES ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AMONG SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS OF SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN COLLEGE, MIDSAYAP, COTABATO.

 By:Yeltsin Rome Antiporda

REVIEW OR RELATED LITERATURE

The deeper contains literature related to solid waste management. Topics included are Description and Solid Waste, Solid Waste Management Methods, and Studies Related to Solid Waste Management. SCC’s Prohibited Acts, Ecological Solid Waste Management Act 9003 and the conceptual framework.

Description and Concept of Solid Waste Management

Solid waste management is defined as the direct generation, collection, storage, transport, source separation, processing, treatment, recovery and disposal of solid waste. It is a polite term for garbage management. It is the response to the world’s stinking and escalating problem on the garbage. Mounting waste problem has been the core foundation of hazardous illness and land depletion, not to mention is negative upshot to the environment. The system of handling trash, be it municipal waste collection, recycling programs, open dumping, incineration and gasification fall on the same category. Despite the years of attempting to resolve the mounting waste problem, the problem still persist (Enriquez, 2011)

As reported by Guzman et al., (2010), solid waste management is one of the most critical environmental problems today. In metro Manila alone, approximately 0.6 kilogram per person of garbage is produced with a total amount of about 6000 to 7000 tons per day. Despite the fact that not all of these collection system people seem to be unconcerned with the amount of solid and semisolid waste they produce.

Proper collection is a solution to the country’s waste problem. Unfortunately, disposal would not be the most and sole answer to this concern (Guzman et al., 2010). Until recently, the disposal of municipal solid waste does not attract much public attention. From prehistory through the present day, the favored means of disposal was simply to dump solid waste outside the city and village limits (Enger & Smith, 2006).

Source reduction is considered to be the solution to solid waste problem. This means that first and foremost, people should consider how much waste is generated and in what ways can they reduced it. Secondly, they should consider how much of the wastes can be diverted from final disposal into other

forms. Related to this, several issues need to be resolved by the government agencies concerned with the solid waste management program in the Philippines (Guzman et al., 2010).

Man produces waste in nearly everything he does. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, the United States produces 11 billion tons of solid waste each year. Nearly half of those amounts consist of agriculture wastes such as crop residue and animal manure which are generally recycled into the soil on the farms where they are produced. They represent valuable resources as ground cover to reduce erosion and fertilizer to nourish new crops. However, they also constitute the single largest source of air and water pollution in the country (Cunningham & Saigo, 2001).

Some Solid Waste Management Methods

From prehistory through the present day, the favored means of solid waste disposal is simply to dump solid waste outside the city or village limits. Frequently, these dumps are in wetlands, river or lakes. To minimize the volume of the wastes, the dump is often burned. These methods are being used in remote or sparsely populated areas in the world (Enger & Smith, 2006)

According to the Aeckerman (1997), waste management is an integrated part of the sustainable development. As population continues to grow and economy expands, there is a need to ensure the waste generated is properly manage on order to preserve the existing environment for future generations. Waste management has also been widely recognized especially in the 1980’s when there was a fear of landfill crisis. Since then, major development happened in municipal waste management.

    Landfill. Landfill is typically a depression in an impermeable clay layer that is lined with an impermeable membrane. Each day’s deposit of fresh garbage is covered with a layer of soil. Selection of modern landfill sites must be based on an understanding of ground-water geology, soil type, and sensitivity in local citizen’ concerns. Once the site is selected, extensive construction activities are necessary to prepare it for use. In some cases, methane produced by rotting garbage is collected and used to generate electricity. In 2001, about 57 percent of United States and about 80 percent of Canadian municipal solid wastes go into landfills, but this method is failing to handle the large volume of wastes (Cunningham & Saigo, 2001).

     Incineration. Incineration of refuse was quote common in North America and Western Europe prior to 1940. However, many incinerators were claimed because of aesthetic concerns, such as foul odors, noxious gases, and gritty smoke, rather than for reasons of public health. Most incineration facilities burn unprocessed municipal solid waste, which is not as efficient as some other technologies. About one-fourth of the incinerators use refuse-derived fuel-collected refuse that has been processed into the pellets prior to combustion (Cunningham& Saigo, 2003).

Incineration could be a process of burning wastes to generate electricity. This process is considered harmful to the environment as it adds a lot of emission to the atmosphere making already fast speed scale of global warming to escalate even further (Guzman et al., 2010)

  Source Reduction. According to Cunningham and Saigo (2003), the most fundamental way to reduce wastes is to prevent it from becoming waste in the first place. Source reduction means using less materials when making a product or converting from heavy packaging materials to lightweight ones. Some packaging materials are converted to lightweight aluminum and plastic and reducing the thickness of packaging, thus reducing the amount of packaging wastes. In 2003, plastic milk jugs weigh about half of what they weighted when they were first introduced. On an individual level, one can reduce amount of wastes generated. Every small personal commitment accumulates result of a significant reduction of municipal solid wastes.

     Recycling. Solid wastes may be recycled into useful products. Nowadays, as reported by Guzman et al., (2010), recyclable materials recovered from municipal refuse. Many municipalities require that those who generate solid wastes must separate   and keep bottles, cans, newspaper, cardboards and other recyclables items. Special trucks pick up these wastes and transfer to the recycling facilities.

    The United States recycle about 23% of its municipal solid wastes while Canada recycles about 10% of its waste. The goal for Ontario, Canada is to reduce amount of garbage to the landfill sites by 50% in 2000. Recycling along with source reduction, is a major part of the Ontario plan. Recycling along with source reduction, is a major part of the Ontario plan. Recycling initiative has grown rapidly in North America during the past several years (Cunningham & Saigo, 2005).

     In the Philippines, recycling is well established. It is slowly taking-off in the more parts of Asia. Two of which are in the remote village of Looc on Panglau Island in the Philippines. Locals now collect plastics for recycling to supplement their income. Also, schemes are under way to recycle plastic bottles and cans. The collected material is send to Cebu City by barge. There, the bottles can are processed. It is important to note that the motivators for this recycling initiate are mostly financial rather than environmental. These rural communities are still living in a severe poverty, with the proceeds of sale used to buy basic foods staples (Alan, 2011). There are two types of recycling: One is direct in the sense of materials are reused directly like bottles and refillable beverage containers. The indirect way is when the waste materials will undergo processing like aluminum cans. With recycling, new materials are formed out of sates (Guzman & Reyes, 2003 as cited in Anito, 2011).

      Composting. Biodegradable wastes can be transformed into fertilizer or soil conditioner in the form of compost. Compost is a humus-like material that usually results from the aerobic biological stabilization of the organic materials in solid wastes. The operation includes preparing the refuse and de grading organic matter by aerobic microorganism. The refuse is presorted to remove materials that might have a salvage value cannot be composted, then it is ground to improve efficiency of the decomposition process. This can be a soil conditioner to and a fertilizer for flower heads, vegetables gardens, trees and shrubs (Guzman et al., 2010)

  

  Composting technology is basic and simple, requiring minimum skill and capital with the joint effort of the government and AWARE Inc., (1996) the process is further enhanced. Biodegradable wastes can be composted and turned into organic fertilizer in a process that essentially returns the wastes to the earth. Food wastes such as peelings, leftover, vegetable trims, fish/fowl, and entrails, soft shells, garden wastes such as manure and carcases are compostable and become organic fertilizer through a controlled process of biological decomposition in about 35 to 45 days. It is a messy and tedious process, but it is good for the earth and is profitable (Lapid, Ancheta & Villareal, 1996).

     Burning Wastes. In cities that do not have enough land available for landfills, controlled burning of wastes at high temperatures to produce steam and ash is a preferred waste disposal technique. Combustion reduces significantly the volume of wastes to be disposed. Moreover, solid wastes can provide for a continuously available and alternative source for generating energy through combustion. This energy can be channeled into useful purpose (Debashree, 2012).

    Open Dumps. As reported by Cunningham ad Cunningham (2006), often, the way people dispose of waste is to simply drop it in some places. Open, unregulated dumps are still the predominant method of waste disposal in most disposal in most developing countries. The giant third world megacities have enormous garbage problem.

Studies Related to Solid Waste Management

     According to Busalla, Cones, Mercader, Morales Serrano (2013) on their study on The Level of Waste Management in the Selected Public School in Cebu City: Proposed improvement, education is an essential part of our existence which is why approximately 23 million of the Philippines’ population today is enrolled in elementary and secondary education. Of the 23 million, around 20 million are students of the public schools while the rest, about 3 million, are enrolled in private school. With the recent implementation last June 4, 2012 of the K-12 educational system, this number will increase exponentially in the years to come.

    Due to the expected rise in numbers of enrolees because of the new educational system, environment health is the one of the main concerns of the school and the government because it directly affects the students as well as the surrounding communities. Almost the quarter of the population is the elementary and the secondary students and as a group, they have an enormous impact in the environment. This impact is geared towards a positive one. The capacity of these students to influence is used appropriately so as to raise awareness and to compel the rest of the population to do the responsible act of proper waste disposal.

Prohibited Acts

    According to the brochure of SCC Health and Environmental Committee the following are the Prohibited Acts 1) littering, throwing, dumping of waste in the campus and vicinity, 2) pasting on walls using double-sided, adhesives and packaging tapes, 3) used of non-environmentally acceptable (styrofoam) and excessive food packaging, 4) bringing cold/ice water in cellophane in the campus, 5) junk-food vending (high in sugar/high in salt) in the campus, 6) used of plastics or cellophane as bunting, 7) used of non-environmentally acceptable materials on school activities, non-segregation of wastes in offices and buildings 9) open burning of solid waste.

The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act

     Republic Act. No. 9003or the “Ecological Solid Waste Management Act” provides the legal framework for the country’s systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management program that shall ensure protection of public health and the environment. It underscores, among other things, the need to create the necessary institutional mechanism and, as well as imposes penalties for acts in violation of any of its provisions. (The National Solid Waste Management Commission Secretariat; Environment Management Bureau-DENR, 2012).

     As stipulated in Republic Act 9003, section 2, the policy of the state ensures the protection of the public health and environment; set guidelines and targets for solid waste avoidance and volume reduction through source reduction and waste minimization measures, including composting, recycling, re-use, recovery and green charcoal process among others. There must be appropriate and environmentally sound solid waste management facilities in accordance with the ecologically sustainable development principles. It ensure proper segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and disposal of solid wastes through the formulation and adoption of the best environmental.

Conceptual Framework

     The conceptual framework of this study shows the relationship of the college students from different colleges such as: CTE (College of Teaches Education), CBA-HRM (College of business and Accountancy & Hotel and Restaurant Management), CMAHS (College of Midwifery and Allied Health Services), CAS (College of Arts and Sciences), CECD (College of Extension and Community Development), CSW (College of Social Work), COA (College of Agriculture), CCS (College of Computer Studies), CT (College of Theology), and Technical Vocational Department to the awareness on Policies on Solid Waste Management in the campus. The awareness may depend upon the awareness of the students on the policies. Figure I shows the schematic design of this study.

               Independent Variable                                                                    Dependent Variable

Awarness on Policies on Solid Waste Management in the Campus among Senior High School students of Southern Christian College

STRANDS •      HUMSS •      STEAM •      ABM •      TECH-VOC

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the study.

Book review: Winesburg, Ohio

by; Win Right D. Ambasa

Introduction

Winesburg, Ohio is a town whose inhabitants, living in the early 20th-century Midwest, ache for fulfillment, passion, and meaning, and the way their stories are told by the great Sherwood Anderson never goes out of style. The collection starts with the story “The Book of the Grotesque.” An ailing old writer is contemplating his life, all the people he knew, and the “notions” they all had in their heads about life. He has written a book about them, but it hasn’t been published. But we, the readers, get to read it anyway in the haunting chapters that follow (and which go back to what might be called “the beginning,” though the book does not really follow any chronological order–it is not going to be confined that way). “It was the truths that made the people grotesques, “Anderson writes. “The old man had quite an elaborate theory concerning the matter. It was his notion that the moment one of the people took one of the truths to himself, called it his truth, and tried to live his life by it, he became a grotesque and the truth he embraced became a falsehood.” The rest of the revealing narratives revolve around “Hands,” “The Teacher,” “The Thinker,” “Loneliness,” “A Man of Ideas,” “The Philosopher,” “The Strength of God” and more. These people are farmers, store keepers, newspaper writers, wives, mothers, fathers, daughters, sons, and preachers. They all reside in a small town circa 1919, but these stories are timeless.

The stories are told in third person, but are related through the narrative voice of George Willard, the town reporter, who shows up in most of the tales, sometimes taking an active role and at other times just telling a story. Who better to keep tabs on the townspeople then the young reporter who captures everything in his trusty notebook?Andersonnever lets the reader know if George is the old man from the first chapter, so we are left to decide for ourselves if he ever became a “real” writer, which was his dream–George, as others, exercises big dreams in his head. He does not have any easy life. His parents own a shabby hotel and have a terrible relationship with one another. His mother ends up being a recluse in her 40s (much older than it is now), never leaving her room. A couple of the chapters focus on her and how she loves her son but is powerless to express herself as she chooses.Anderson, though capturing the male psyche well (somewhat expected), does a great service to women and his depiction of them. One character was not suited for motherhood and Anderson is brutally honest about how that would play out in a time when that’s what women were expected to do.

There are a few “loose” women and several who are wound up tight, but they are all fascinating. Anderson lures the reader straight into these characters’ heads, engrossing us, making us feel empathy, anger, pity, elation, and scorn for these characters (insert your own emotion when you read it). I will never forget the frustration I felt for the young female character who waits ten years for a man (who readers know to be something of a snake oil salesman) to come back to her, putting her life on hold, having taken his promise seriously. The story of the preacher who spends hours peeping at a neighbor who reads in bed, just for the chance of a glimpse of white skin, is also excruciatingly painful to read. These are but two examples of the complex characters Anderson draws.

When the book was published in 1919, it was considered a scandalous piece of trash by many critics, and as with many revolutionary writers, appreciation of their work took some time. The themes include physical longing (and hints of premarital sex), a male teacher getting fired on suspicion of pedophilic behavior, unwed women having children, violence, the use of alcohol in excess (and a man’s strange connection with a young girl in the midst of that state), a religious zealot who considers making a bizarre sacrifice to God, and other social issues that weren’t discussed as freely then. But Anderson was telling his own truths, and the reader will not doubt at any time that these people were certainly based on real characteristics he encountered. His superb collection of characters is a relevant and insightful study of human behavior, and the book is one that deserves to live on.

Characterization

the old writer

The main character of the prologue, "The Book of the Grotesque". The old writer dreams of grotesque figures while in bed because his fear of a heart attack makes him feel more alive. The living passion inside of him is described as a young woman. His figures try to possess absolute truths which destroy them. The implication is that the rest of the tales are created by the old writer around the figures he has imagined.

the carpenter

Hired by the old writer to raise his bed, he fought in the Civil War. He looks ridiculous crying over a brother who died at the Andersonville Prison. He is noted as the first grotesque character of the book.

 

Wing Biddlebaum

Wing's former name before moving to Winesburg was Adolf Myers. As a schoolteacher, he had expressed his fervor to the boys he taught through his hands. His actions twisted by a boy of the town and he was condemned and driven out. In Winesburg, he tries to hide his hands and is viewed by the town as a novelty act. George Willard is the only person in Winesburg Wing feels somewhat comfortable expressing himself to.

George Willard

The hero of the book, George is the only character who is woven through most of the stories. He acts like a medium of communication to the figures he encounters, allowing them to express their desires, thoughts, etc. Many figures seek him out as the only person in Winesburg to whom they can release their pent up frustrations and emotions. Several stories also center around George and his attempts to find love and mature into a man. He works as a reporter at the age of eighteen for the Winesburg Eagle. This brings him into close contact with the townspeople as he searches for stories. He wants to be a writer and finally decides to leave Winesburg for the city after his mother's death.

Doctor Reefy                   

The Doctor marries a young wealthy girl who comes to him pregnant. He writes his thoughts down on scraps of paper and shoves them into his pockets where they form balls of truth. As the truth is believed to be absolute, it must be destroyed and he begins again. After his wife's death, he sits in his old office all day and thinks. Years earlier, he had a brief love affair with Elizabeth Willard. The two were similar souls who could meet and find release for their emotions and dreams.

Elizabeth Willard

George's mother, Elizabeth owns the New Willard House but she is worn out and drab. An illness took the life out of her, though she had been passionate in youth and still retains some life inside. She and George have a deep bond which is rarely expressed. She nearly kills Tom Willard for pressing George to be ambitious and hopes that George will be able to express meaning for both of them. She had a brief love affair with Doctor Reefy. The two were similar souls who could meet and find release for their emotions and dreams.

 

Tom Willard

George's father, Elizabeth married him against her father's wishes. Tom is proud and ashamed of his wife. He is proud to be the leading Democrat in a Republican town. He hopes that his son will wake up from his dreaminess and approach the world with ambition so he can succeed like Tom has convinced himself he has.

 

Abner Groff

The baker, he has a daily struggle with a cat who sneaks into his shop. Groff, known for his fits of anger, throws the cat out and swears. It makes Elizabeth Willard weep because she empathizes with the cat.

 

Dr. Parcival

This Doctor has a practice in Winesburg with few patients but plenty of money. He cares very little for his appearance or what he eats. He seeks George out regularly to tell him stories about himself and try to convince him to be a superior being like his brother. His philosophy is that all people are Christ and all are crucified.

 

Biff Carter

Biff owns the Lunch Room where much of the town eats. Parcival tells Biff to give him any of the food that is left over or that he otherwise would not be able to sell.

 

Will Henderson

Editor-in-chief of the Winesburg Eagle, he is George's boss. Most afternoons he leaves the office for Ed Griffith's saloon. He rarely wakes up early but does the day of George's departure.

 

 

 

 

Louise Trunnion

Louise sends George a letter saying she will be his girlfriend if he wants her. She is cold when he replies in person but then walks with him. With Louise, George tries to act like a man and is very satisfied with himself.

 

Jake Trunnion

Louise's father, he is partially deaf. Louise must clear her walking with Jake before she can leave the kitchen to meet George.

 

Shorty Crandall

He is the man George speaks to after his affair with Louise Trunnion. He is the clerk of West's Drug Store.

 

Jesse Bentley

Jesse is Tom Bentley's weak son who must be called in to run the farm after his four strong sons are killed in the Civil War. Jesse is feminine in appearance but strong in spirit and runs the farm very hard. He allows his wife to work too hard and his father to retreat and die. He believes he has a connection to God, having trained to be a minister in the city, and runs about asking God for preference and strength. He wants a son but gets a daughter and is saddened to never connect with God. As he gets older, he buys more farm land and uses modern machinery to make it more efficient. When his grandson, David, comes to live with him, he believes his prayers have been answered and tries to use the boy to gain God's favor. Going too far, David finally runs away.

 

Enoch Bentley

One of Jesse's brother, Enoch almost killed his father in a barroom brawl. Once he knows his father is fine, he acts as if nothing ever happened. He is killed in the Civil War.

 

Tom Bentley

Jesse's father, old Tom is a coarse, strong farmer. He is forced to allow Jesse to run the farm after the war and retreats to the background in his presence to die.

 

Katherine Bentley

Jesse's wife, Katherine is a delicate woman from the city not fit for the demands of life on the farm. She works hard to try to please Jesse and strains herself. She dies after giving birth to their daughter, Louise.

 

Enoch Bentley

One of Jesse's brother, Enoch almost killed his father in a barroom brawl. Once he knows his father is fine, he acts as if nothing ever happened. He is killed in the Civil War.

 

Albert Hardy

The father in the family Louise is sent to live with, Albert was a stickler for education. He would use Louise's accomplishments to try to guilt his daughters into doing better but it always backfired.

 

Mary Hardy

One of the Hardy daughters who hated school, Mary has a gentleman caller come visit her. Louise Bentley witnesses this event, causing her to relate love to sex.

 

Joe Welling

An agent for the Standard Oil Company in Winesburg, Joe lived with his mother and suffered from verbal seizures. He was silent and polite except when his outbursts hit. He then would pounce on the nearest bystander and and spew on them a flood of words concerning some ludicrous theory he had thought up. He felt he should have George Willard's job. After his mother died, he moved into the New Willard House, began a love affair, and formed the Winesburg Baseball Club, coaching them to victory.

 

Sarah King

Joe Welling's love interest, she is a sullen women who lived with her father and brother. The town laughed at her affair with Joe, especially at his loud love protestations to Sarah.

 

Edward and Tom King

Sarah's father and brother, respectively, the men had a bad reputation and were thought to be dangerous. They have a meeting with Joe at the New Willard House which the town awaited anxiously. Joe wins them over with one of his verbal seizures.

 

Alice Hindman

As a girl, she had a love affair with Ned Currie and he promised to marry her. He left town and never came back but she was unable to give her body to anyone else and so lived in waiting and loneliness for years. She became so isolated she would talk to herself. She worked at the Dry Goods Store to keep busy and finally at twenty-five, joined some social and religious organizations. At twenty-seven, she was so restless for companionship, she ran outside naked. Finally she accepted being alone forever.

 

Ned Currie

Alice's lover when she is young, Ned promises to protect her but then makes love to her before he leaves. Even though he promises to return, he moves to Cleveland and then Chicago and makes new friends and lovers. Alice never forgets him or her loyalty to him because of the night they spent together before he left.

 

Will Hurley

A middle-aged man, Will walks Alice Hindman home from the Methodist Church meetings. He is a clerk at the drug store. Alice wants to befriend him for companionship but never knows how to ask him to stay after walking her home.

 

Wash Williams

An ugly bloated man, like a monkey, Wash hates the people of Winesburg, especially women. He tells George the story of his wife's betrayal so that George will not make the same mistake. His wife took three lovers during their marriage before he sent her home. He wanted to take her back until, while visiting her house, her mother sends her to him naked. He tries to kill her mother but is stopped.

 

Belle Carpenter

A strong dark woman, Belle loves Ed Handby, a bartender. She walks out with George Willard to make Ed suffer and to release her suppressed sexuality, often causing George to feel used though he does not know why. Belle finally goes off with Ed, which is what she wanted the most.

 

Seth Richmond

A quiet, intense boy, the town believes he is very deep like his father was. Yet Seth wishes he was able to feel excited or impassioned. He is frustrated by the amount people talk and how little they do, especially his friend George Willard who wants him to talk to Helen White for him. He feels isolated from town life so decides to go to a city where he can work. By trying to impress Helen with his ambition, he succeeds in pushing her away and is confused when she walks home without him.

Plot

The first, entitled "Hands," describes Wing Biddlebaum, a recluse with remarkable hands that he cannot control, who has fled from false accusations of molesting a boy in another town. The second, "Paper Pills," is about Doctor Reefy, an aging medical man who marries one of his young patients, only to have her die six months later. In the third, "Mother," we meet Elizabeth Willard, the mother of the book's central character, George Willard, who is a young reporter for the local paper. Elizabeth is a sick woman, trapped in an unhappy marriage, and she imagines herself locked in a struggle with her husband for influence over George.

In the next story, "The Philosopher," the eccentric Doctor Parcival imagines that a lynch mob is after him, and tells George Willard the secret of life: "Everyone in the world is Christ and they are all crucified." In "Nobody Knows," George goes out into the fields and sleeps with a girl named Louise Trunnion, only to feel guilty about it afterward. The next four stories, all lumped under the heading "Godliness," depict Jesse Bentley, a wealthy farmer who imagines himself a Biblical figure chosen by God. His daughter, Louise Bentley, receives no love from him, and stumbles into a loveless marriage. Her son, David Hardy, is sent to live with his grandfather on the old man's farm, and Jesse takes the boy out into the forest in search of a message from God. He finds no message, however, and succeeds only in traumatizing the boy so much that David runs away from Winesburg forever.

In "A Man of Ideas," the next story, a talkative man named Joe Welling successfully courts a woman whose father and brother are notorious thugs. The following story, "Adventure," depicts the loneliness of Alice Hindman, an unmarried woman whose true love (as she considers him) left Winesburg years ago and has never returned. "Respectability" portrays Wash Williams, the filthy, ugly telegraph operator in Winesburg who despises women because of his wife's infidelity and his mother-in-law's treachery. "The Thinker," tells the story of a brooding young man named Seth Richmond who feels that he does not belong in Winesburg. At the end of a long evening with Helen White, the daughter of the Winesburg banker, he tells her that he plans to leave town for good.

"Tandy" tells the story of a little girl named Tandy Hard whose first name comes from a drunken man's description of the perfect woman. In "The Strength of God," a minister named Curtis Hartman is tempted into lust by the sight of Kate Swift, a local schoolteacher. His temptation passes when he sees her, one snowy night, praying naked. "The Teacher" takes place on the same night, and depicts Kate Smith's attraction to George Willard--her simultaneous desires to teach and embrace him--and her sudden guilty flight from his office, which leaves him confused. "Loneliness" details Enoch Robinson's move from Winesburg to New York, where he populates his apartment with imaginary friends, only to have them move out when he tries to tell his female neighbor about them.

In "An Awakening," George Willard goes out walking one night and has what he thinks is an epiphany. He tries to tell Belle Carpenter, the girl he has been seeing, about it, but another one of her suitors beats him up, and the magic of the evening slips away. "Queer" depicts the resentment that Elmer Cowley, the son of a store owner, feels toward Winesburg and George Willard because he thinks that the town considers his family to be odd. The story ends with Elmer beating up George and hopping a train out of town. In "The Untold Lie," a farmhand named Hal Winters asks another farmhand named Ray Pearson for advice about whether to get married, causing Ray to reflect on his marriage, which he does with disgust. "Drink" portrays a genial, happy young man named Tom Foster and his first experience with drunkenness.

In "Death," Elizabeth Willard and Doctor Reefy spend time together and begin to fall in love, as she slips toward death. She dies, finally, and George decides to quit Winesburg forever. In "Sophistication," he and Helen White go out walking together on the night of the county fair, and run around like children as evening falls on Winesburg. Both are moving on from their small town, as Helen is going to college, and in the final story, "Departure," George Willard boards a train and leaves Winesburg for good, letting his life there "become but a background on which to paint the dreams of his manhood."

Art and Delivery

The tales throughout this book tell stories of human desires thwarted and human connections unrealized. The last thing that George Willard must learn as he leaves Winesburg to embark on his life as a writer is how to exist in such a world. In “Sophistication” George meets up with Helen White, a young woman he feels attracted to:   ‘George Willard sat beside Helen White and felt very keenly his own insignificance in the scheme of existence…. the two oddly sensitive human atoms held each other tightly and waited. In the mind of each was the same thought. “I have come to this lonely place and here is this other,” was the substance of the thing felt. The book is also significant historically for its place in the development of American realism and naturalism. Realism, which developed in France in the second half of the nineteenth century, emphasized the influence of social environment on characters. As realism developed, it shifted into naturalism, with an emphasis on impersonal social, economic, and biological forces on individuals. With its focus on the psychological and biological impulses of its characters, Anderson’s book illustrates the beginning of this shift. Here, for example, is the narrator’s description of Kate Swift in “The Teacher”:Day by day as she worked in the schoolroom or walked in the streets, grief, hope, and desire fought within her. Behind a cold exterior the most extraordinary events transpired in her mind. “If you are to become a writer you’ll have to stop fooling with words … You must not become a mere peddler of words. The thing to learn is to know what people are thinking about, not what they say”. Like the old writer whose tale opens the book, George must grow up while at the same time keeping the young thing inside him alive. To become a writer, he must learn to look beneath the surface of what people say to understand their inner thoughts and desires.

Final Verdict

The scene we find first though is one of release. The narrator is very vague because at this point it is especially important for the reader to draw their own conclusions and to focus on the human bond between Elizabeth Willard and Dr. Reefy. Take this sentence for instance: "On summer afternoons, when she had been married many years and when her son was a boy of twelve or fourteen, Elizabeth Willard sometimes went up the worn steps to Doctor Reefy's office." No specified day is given, the narrator is not accurate with how old George Willard is though he is a central figure to the book, and Elizabeth is described as "sometimes" visiting Dr. Reefy. Since we are told later how old Elizabeth is, it is possible to figure out George's age. So why be so intentionally vague? Is Anderson simply trying to reemphasize that the narrator is not omniscient? This kind of detail would be a pointless omission for the sake of characterizing the narrator. The narrator is so vague while telling this story because the specific details are not important

The reader must contemplate what it means for the heroic main character to leave. The stories feel more conclusive because of this action. It is not a static episode for the first real time in the book. George escapes the symmetry of the stories which cyclically return the reader to the start in some manner at the end of the episode. This story is not cyclical, but linear. The train pulls away from the station - it progresses - and George's mind, though focusing some on the people of Winesburg, departs toward his dreams. Winesburg will be a tableau, a background for him, as Anderson hoped it would be for the reader. The intention was for the readers to draw ideas to think about, not absolute truths.

ROTC: A tool in preparing future militants

by; Win Right Ambasa

        Reserve Officer's Training Corps will be very effective in Senior high School students. You may hear people allude to the ROTC  while in high school, but if you're unfamiliar with the program you'll probably glean very little what the ROTC actually is.

        Since the ROTC was mandated in all senior high school students here in our country (Philippines) nowadays under the administration of President Rodrigo Roa Duterte, then we have so many benefits that we can acquire on it; we will be disciplined enough to reach our goals, driven to succeed no matter what obstacles we face and dedicated to the program of our country.

        Why ROTC is very important for us? well, It's because we are preparing ourselves for commissioning as officers in the Active Army, Army Reserve, or Army National Guard. The overall program actually is designed to aid students in developing the abilities and attitudes that will make them academically successful and to develop well educated junior officers. Even if there are other some cases of ROTC why it was stop from the past administrations but I know that the current administration will do it's best to make this program successful to the students. That is why I am strongly affirmed about the imposition of ROTC in Senior High School students here in our country (Philippines).